Students investigate the importance of the Pony Express to the settlement and expansion of the American West by mapping Pony Express stations. Grades 3-5

horsepower: a unit used to measure the power of engines

Pony Express: mail route between Missouri and California (1860-61)

telegraph: a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection

Horse and Rider: The Pony Express uses the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework's Inquiry Arc as a blueprint to lead students through an investigation of the role horses played in the settlement and expansion of the American West through their use in the Pony Express. The Inquiry Arc consists of four dimensions of informed inquiry in social studies: Developing questions and planning inquiries; Applying disciplinary concepts and tools; Evaluating sources and using evidence; Communicating conclusions and taking informed action. The four dimensions of the C3 Framework center on the use of questions to spark curiosity, guide instruction, deepen investigations, acquire rigorous content, and apply knowledge and ideas in real world settings to become active and engaged citizens in the 21st century.6 For more information about the C3 Framework, visit socialstudies.org. C3 Table- Horse and Rider: The Pony Express (Grades 3-5)

The Role of Horses in the Settlement and Expansion of the American West

Horses played an important role in the settlement and expansion of the American West. These hardy animals were the primary mode of transportation. Horses and mules were also used extensively on farms, in mines and forests, and later in building railroads and roads that were eventually used by trains and automobiles. The term horsepower is a reminder of a horse's ability to perform hard work day after day in a variety of conditions.

The Pony Express depended on fast horses and was an important piece of the history of the American West. The Pony Express was a mail delivery service founded, owned, and operated by the freighting firm of William H. Russell, Alexander Majors, and William B. Waddell.³ It was very different from how we receive mail today. Beginning in 1860, young men on horseback carried letters from Missouri to California as fast as they could ride. Riding in the Pony Express across the western United States was very dangerous for the horses and the riders. Many of the men who rode in the Express were orphans or didn't have parents to worry about their safety.

The Pony Express trail went through eight present-day states (some of the states had not yet entered the Union at the time of the Pony Express)—Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. Before the telegraph, this mail relay system was the most direct and practical means of east-west communication.⁴ 

Between 400-500 horses were used by the Pony Express for mail delivery. Horses were selected for swiftness and endurance. On the eastern end of the Pony Express route, the horses were usually selected from US Calvary units and included Morgans and Thoroughbreds. In the west, mustangs were used to navigate the harsh terrain.⁵ During the 80-100 mile route, a Pony Express rider would change horses 8 to 10 times. The horses were ridden quickly between stations at a fast trot or canter, around 10 to 15 miles per hour. Sometimes, the horses were galloped at speeds up to 25 miles per hour.⁵ The Pony Express had 190 stations. At each relay station, tired horses were exchanged for a fresh horse. Each station had a corral and barn. A keeper and stablehand were responsible for having a rested horse saddled and ready when a rider arrived. Home stations housed the riders between trips.⁴  

The Pony Express generally provided excellent service, covering the 1,966-mile one-way distance in 10 days or less. It was the quickest form of mail delivery at that time, but it was very expensive—nearly $5 to send a letter. At its peak, the service employed 80 riders and 400 horses. In October 1861, the Pacific Telegraph line, joining Carson City, Nevada to St. Joseph, Missouri, was completed, and messages could be relayed almost instantaneously. The Pony Express became obsolete overnight. In the short life of the Pony Express, only 18 months, 37,753 letters were delivered and only one mail pouch was lost.

Compelling Question: What was the importance of the Pony Express to the settlement and expansion of the American West?

1. Explain to the students that the period between 1829 and 1870, when settlers moved to the American West, is known as Westward Expansion. 
2. Ask the class to consider what animals they think were most useful to the settlers.
3. Show The Cowboy's Horse video.
4. Discuss the importance of the horse to the settlement of the west. Include the following points in the discussion:
   • Horses were used as a main mode of transportation.
   • Horses performed farm duties, such as pulling plows and gathering cattle.
   • Horses were used to pull wagons.
5. Explain to the students that they will be investigating another important service horses provided during westward expansion—The Pony Express.
6. On a whiteboard or chart paper display the question, "What was the importance of the Pony Express to the settlement and expansion of the American West?"

Supporting Question 1: What was the purpose of the Pony Express?

1. Explain to the students that they will investigate the question, "What was the purpose of the Pony Express?" to better understand the importance of the Pony Express to the settlement and expansion of the American West.
2. Project the Pony Express Poster and ask the students, "What information does the poster provide about the Pony Express?"
3. Show the first 4:46 minutes of The Surprisingly Short History of the Pony Express video. Instruct the students to listen for the important dates and events mentioned in the video.
4. Discuss the information from the video. Use the following questions to guide the discussion:
   • Before the Pony Express, what was the quickest way to send a letter from Missouri to California? (stagecoach) How long did it take? (3-4 weeks)
   • How long did it take for the Pony Express to deliver a letter from Missouri to California? (10 days)
   • How long did the Pony Express last? (almost 19 months)
   • What replaced the Pony Express? (the telegraph)
5. Write the following dates on the board. Ask the students, "What is the significance of each date?" Rewatch the video if needed.
   • January 1860: The quickest way to send a letter from Missouri to California was by stagecoach.
   • April 3, 1860: The first Pony Express letter left Missouri.
   • April 14, 1860: The first Pony Express letter arrived in California.
   • October 24, 1861: The first telegraph message was sent.
   • October 26, 1861: The Pony Express ended.
6. Provide each student with an unlined piece of paper, scissors, and colored pencils or crayons. Use the Pony Express Timeline slideshow to model how to create a foldable timeline.
7. Allow time for the students to complete their timelines.
8. Revisit the question, "What was the purpose of the Pony Express?" (The Pony Express was a solution for sending mail between the East and West faster. Before the Pony Express, the quickest way to send a letter from Missouri to California was by stagecoach, which took 25 days. The Pony Express could complete the delivery in 10 days.)

Supporting Question 2: What challenges did the Pony Express riders face?

1. Explain to the students that they will investigate the question, "What challenges did the Pony Express riders face?"
2. Show the students the Pony Express Recruiting Poster, 1860.
3. Ask the students to consider the unique challenges of riding a horse as a Pony Express rider. 
4. Explain to the students that they are going to use a satellite imagery map to determine the topography of the Pony Express stations and explore what it may have been like to pass through these areas. Each student will need access to a computer (students can be paired if technology is limited), or the map can be projected and completed as a class activity.
5. Provide each student or group a link to the Pony Express Station Map (use Chrome browser for this Google Earth map). Explain to the students that this map shows the locations of 149 stations. At each relay station, a tired horse was exchanged for a fresh horse. Most stations had a corral and barn. A keeper and stablehand were responsible for having a rested horse saddled and ready when a rider arrived. Home stations housed the riders between trips.
6. Explain that the Pony Express trail went through eight present-day states (some of the states had not yet entered the Union at the time of the Pony Express)—Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. Missouri (1821) and California (1850) had already entered the Union. Kansas (1861) entered while the Pony Express was active, and Nevada (1864), Nebraska (1867), Colorado (1876), Wyoming (1890), and Utah (1896) entered the Union after the Pony Express ceased service.
7. Have the students choose two stations, click on the pins and read the information, and identify any landmarks, streams, roads, forests, mountains, or other indicating features of the landscape.
8. Emphasize that the climate varies greatly along the Pony Express trail. Climates can be affected by latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean. In general, the climates along the Pony Express trail can be grouped as steppe, desert, and mountain. The steppe climate is temperate with warm to hot summers and cool to very cold winters and favors the growth of grasses and shrubs. Deserts are defined by very low levels of precipitation. Mountain climates receive relatively high levels of precipitation and have very cold winters and cool summers. 
9. Have the students complete the Pony Express Station Activity Sheet for their chosen locations.
10. As a class, discuss some of the possible challenges horses, riders, and station keepers may have had at the different station locations.
11. Revisit the question, "What challenges did the Pony Express riders face?" (lack of water, extreme temperatures, thieves, steep mountain ranges, lack of populated areas, dangerous wildlife, exhaustion)

Supporting Question 3: Which horse breeds were selected for the Pony Express and why?

1. Ask the students what characteristics they think a horse would need to be a good choice for the Pony Express.
2. Explain to the students that they will investigate the question, "Which horse breeds were selected for the Pony Express and why?"
3. Organize the class into small groups. Provide each group with a Pony Express Horse Breed Card.
4. Have each group watch one of the following videos and take notes about the characteristics of their assigned horse breed.
   • Unusual Heroes: American Mustang
   • Meet the Morgan
   • Thoroughbred Horse Characteristics
5. Have the groups share some of the characteristics they noted with the class. Discuss reasons why these horse breeds might have been selected for the Pony Express.
6. Revisit the question, "Which horse breeds were selected for the Pony Express and why?" (Mustangs, Morgans, and Thoroughbreds were selected because of their strength, speed, endurance, energy, intelligence, bravery, and ability to be trained.)

This lesson explores the importance of the Pony Express during westward expansion. If you teach in the following states, refer to your local agricultural literacy resources about the Pony Express: Utah Virginia

Summative Performance Task

Using evidence from historical sources, construct an argument (e.g., essay, project, video production, portfolio, detailed outline, poster) that addresses the compelling question, "What was the importance of the Pony Express to the settlement and expansion of the American West?"

1. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/horsepower.htm
2. https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-pony-express
3. https://nationalponyexpress.org/historic-pony-express-trail/founders/
4. https://www.nps.gov/poex/index.htm
5. https://www.nps.gov/poex/planyourvisit/upload/National-Park-Service-Large-Print-Text-of-Pony-Express-Brochure-508.pdf
6. https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/documents/students/docs/FINAL%20C3%20Fact%20Sheet%209-13-13-1.pdf

Pony Express Station Map:

• https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/poex/hrs/hrs6a.htm
• https://www.legendsofamerica.com/pony-express-division-three/#wyoming
• http://twainsgeography.com/content/cottonwood-springs-station
• https://bscottholmes.com/content/deer-creek-station-wyoming-pony-express
• https://expeditionutah.com/featured-trails/pony-express-trail/wyoming-pony-express-stations/

Pony Express Horse Breeds Cards Photo Credits:

• "Wild Mustang horses" by Carol M Highsmith is marked with CC0 1.0
• By Ealdgyth - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0
• By Laura Behning - Silver Morgan, CC BY 2.0
• Morgan Horses
• Thoroughbred Horses

• Black Storm Comin'
• Frontier House
• Growing a Nation Multimedia Timeline
• Immigration, Migration, and the Industrial Revolution
• Off Like the Wind! The First Ride of the Pony Express
• The Sweetwater Run: The Story of Buffalo Bill Cody and the Pony Express
• They're Off! The Story of the Pony Express
• Whatever Happened to the Pony Express?
• You Wouldn't Want to be a Pony Express Rider!